http://pld.cs.luc.edu/courses/412/spr21/mnotes/cathedral-bazaar.pdf
TLDR; the bazaar model (distributed community and federation) mode of governance and contribution works well and makes any hard problem shallow (”given enough eyeballs, all bugs are shallow”) and is much more scalable than the centralized, individual wizard cathedral style mode of operation that businesses rely on.
work by Eric S Raymond on linux -style of open source in contrast to GNU approach.
But I also believed there was a certain critical complexity above which a more centralized, a priori approach was required. I believed that the most important software (operating systems and really large tools like the Emacs programming editor) needed to be built like cathedrals, carefully crafted by individual wizards or small bands of mages working in splendid isolation, with no beta to be released before its time. Linus Torvalds’s style of development—release early and often, delegate everything you can, be open to the point of promiscuity—came as a surprise. No quiet, reverent cathedral-building here—rather, the Linux community seemed to resemble a great babbling bazaar of differing agendas and approaches … out of which a coherent and stable system could seemingly emerge only by a succession of miracles.